Parathyroid Disorders

The parathyroid glands are four small glands located behind the thyroid in the neck. Their primary job is to regulate calcium levels in the bloodstream by releasing parathyroid hormone (PTH). Parathyroid hormone helps control how calcium is absorbed from food, stored in bones, and filtered by the kidneys. This balance is essential for healthy bones, muscles, nerves, and heart function.

Hyperparathyroidism occurs when one or more of the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone. This causes calcium levels in the blood to rise above normal. The condition is most often caused by a benign growth on one of the glands, though in some cases multiple glands may become overactive.

Some people with hyperparathyroidism experience few noticeable symptoms, especially in the early stages. When symptoms do occur, they may include fatigue, muscle weakness, bone or joint pain, kidney stones, digestive discomfort, or difficulty concentrating. Because symptoms can be mild or develop gradually, the condition is often discovered through routine blood tests that show elevated calcium levels.

Hypoparathyroidism occurs when the parathyroid glands produce too little parathyroid hormone. This leads to low levels of calcium in the bloodstream, which can affect muscle and nerve function. People with hypoparathyroidism may experience symptoms such as muscle cramps, tingling in the fingers or lips, or muscle spasms.

Parathyroid disorders are usually diagnosed through blood tests that measure calcium levels, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and other related markers. In some cases, additional testing such as urine studies or imaging may be used to better understand how the glands are functioning and identify the underlying cause of abnormal calcium levels.

Treatment depends on the cause: Hyperparathyroidism may involve monitoring in select cases, medication in some situations, or parathyroid surgery when indicated. Hypoparathyroidism is commonly treated with oral calcium and prescription vitamin D (calcitriol) to maintain safe calcium levels. If you're looking for parathyroid disorder evaluation or treatment in Atlanta, North Georgia Endocrinology can review symptoms, labs, and options and guide next steps.